What is Chancroid? Meaning, Symptoms & Treatment

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health concern, with some lesser-known ones often overlooked due to a lack of awareness. One such STI is chancroid, a painful but treatable bacterial infection. Though rare in many developed countries, it still occurs in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare and sexual education.

This blog covers everything you need to know about chancroid symptoms, treatment, causes, and its relevance in both men and women.

What is Chancroid?

Chancroid is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterised by the development of painful ulcers (sores) in the genital area and swollen lymph nodes in the groin. Unlike syphilis, which starts with a painless sore (called a chancre), chancroid sores are painful and often inflamed.

The infection is more common in developing regions but can still be seen sporadically elsewhere, especially in people with multiple sexual partners or those who engage in unprotected sex.

Chancre Meaning vs Chancroid Sores

Before diving deeper, it’s important to differentiate the terms:

• Chancre: A painless sore typically associated with primary syphilis.
• Chancroid ulcer: A painful, soft sore caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.

Though they sound similar, their causes, characteristics, and treatments differ significantly.

Chancroid Symptoms

The chancroid symptoms usually appear within 4 to 10 days after exposure to the bacteria. They may vary slightly between men and women, but the following are the most common:

In Men

• One or more painful ulcers on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus
• Sores have ragged edges and may produce a grey or yellowish discharge
• Swollen, tender lymph nodes in the groin (may turn into pus-filled abscesses)

In Females

• Chancroid in females may present differently and can often be mistaken for other conditions.
• Painful sores in the vaginal area, cervix, labia, or thighs
• Discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse
• Vaginal discharge
• Swollen lymph nodes, which may be harder to detect

In both sexes, the ulcers are non-indurated (not hard at the base), unlike those seen in syphilis.

Complications of Untreated Chancroid

If left untreated, chancroid can lead to:

Chronic Genital Ulcers

Without treatment, chancroid sores may persist for weeks or months, becoming larger, more painful, and harder to heal. This can lead to ongoing discomfort and a higher risk of further infection.

Scarring or Disfigurement

As the ulcers heal on their own, they may leave behind significant scar tissue, especially if secondary infections occur. This can result in permanent changes to the genital skin or surrounding areas.

Formation of Inguinal Buboes (Pus-filled Lymph Nodes)

The infection often spreads to nearby lymph nodes, particularly in the groin. These swollen nodes may form abscesses, which can rupture and require surgical drainage.

Increased Risk of HIV Transmission

Open chancroid sores provide an entry point for HIV and other STIs. Individuals with chancroid are at a significantly higher risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV during sexual contact.

Prompt diagnosis and chancroid treatment are crucial to avoid long-term damage or transmission.

Diagnosis of Chancroid

Diagnosing chancroid can be tricky because it resembles other STIs like syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and lymphogranuloma venereum.

Diagnosis methods include:

• Physical examination of sores and the groin area
• Swab of ulcer for bacterial culture (though not always available)
• Exclusion of other infections (negative syphilis and herpes tests)
• PCR testing, if accessible

Because chancroid is often underdiagnosed due to limited laboratory capabilities, many clinicians use a syndromic approach based on symptoms and risk factors.

Chancroid Treatment

The good news is that chancroid is treatable with antibiotics. Once diagnosed, appropriate antibiotic therapy not only cures the infection but also helps prevent complications and transmission.

Standard chancroid treatment options:

Note: Always consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment.

In addition to medication:

• Drainage of buboes may be necessary if abscesses form.
• Avoid sexual contact until sores are completely healed.
• Partner notification and testing are recommended to prevent reinfection and control spread.

Chancroid in Females: What to Know

Chancroid in females can be more difficult to detect because:

• Sores may be internal (on the cervix or vaginal wall) and not easily visible
• Symptoms may resemble yeast infections, herpes, or bacterial vaginosis
• Women may not notice pain or swelling as acutely as men do

That’s why women who suspect exposure or experience unusual genital symptoms should seek prompt STI screening.

Who is at Risk of Chancroid?

While anyone who is sexually active can contract chancroid, certain factors increase the risk:

• Multiple sexual partners
• Lack of condom use
• Living in or travelling to regions where chancroid is endemic
• Having other STIs or a weakened immune system
• Engaging in transactional sex or sex work

Prevention of Chancroid

As with all STIs, prevention is better than cure. Reduce your chancroid risk with these precautions:

• Use condoms consistently and correctly
• Get regular STI screenings, especially if sexually active with new or multiple partners
• Avoid sex if you or your partner has visible genital sores
• Encourage open communication with partners about sexual health
• In high-risk areas, limit exposure by avoiding unprotected or anonymous sex

Final Thoughts

Although not as commonly discussed as other STIs, chancroid remains a relevant concern, especially in global health contexts. Recognising chancroid symptoms, understanding its causes, and knowing how to access the right chancroid treatment are key to prevention and management.

Whether male or female, if you experience unexplained genital sores, pain, or swollen lymph nodes, consult a healthcare provider immediately. Prompt diagnosis and antibiotic therapy can help you recover quickly and prevent transmission to others.

FAQs

What is chancroid caused by?

Chancroid is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi, transmitted primarily through sexual contact.

What are the main chancroid symptoms in females?

Painful genital sores, vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, and swollen lymph nodes. Sores may be hidden inside the vagina or cervix.

How is chancroid different from syphilis?

Chancroid ulcers are painful and soft with ragged edges, while syphilitic chancres are typically painless and firm.

Is chancroid treatment effective?

Yes, chancroid is treatable with antibiotics like azithromycin or ceftriaxone. Symptoms usually resolve within 1–2 weeks after treatment.

Can you get chancroid more than once?

Yes. Past infection does not offer immunity. You can be reinfected if exposed again through unprotected sex.