Dental Fillings Explained: Types, Procedure & Aftercare

Your parents warned you often. Eat fewer sweets. Brush properly. Do not skip your night routine. Back then, it felt unnecessary. Your teeth looked fine, and nothing hurt. Years later, things change. You notice a rough spot on a molar. There is a sharp pain when you chew. Cold water makes you pause for a moment. You brush harder, hoping it will go away, but it does not.

This is how cavities usually start. Slowly and without much warning. Most cavities do not heal on their own. Dental fillings, often called cavity fillings, are used to repair the damaged part of the tooth and stop decay from spreading further. In this blog, we explain dental fillings, their benefits, the types available, what happens during the procedure, possible risks, concerns around amalgam safety, when to see a doctor, and how the right health insurance can help you manage dental care on time.

What are dental fillings?

Dental fillings are restorative treatments used to repair teeth that have been affected by decay, minor fractures, or surface wear. They help restore the tooth’s normal shape, strength, and function, allowing it to look and perform like a healthy tooth again. A filling replaces the damaged portion of the tooth and seals the area, preventing bacteria and food particles from entering and causing further decay.

Dentists use durable, biocompatible materials that can withstand the pressure of daily chewing, bond securely to the tooth structure, and last for many years with proper oral care. The primary aim of a dental filling is to preserve as much of the natural tooth as possible, avoiding the need for more extensive treatments such as crowns or tooth removal.

Benefits of dental fillings

• Stop tooth decay from spreading deeper into the tooth​
• Relieve pain and sensitivity caused by exposed dentin or cavities​
• Restore normal chewing and biting so you can eat comfortably again​
• Help maintain the shape and alignment of your bite by saving the natural tooth​
• Reduce the chance of needing a root canal or extraction in the future if treated early​
• Improve appearance when tooth-colored materials are used, especially for front teeth

Types of Dental Fillings

Dentists choose filling materials based on where the cavity is, how big it is, whether you want it to match your natural teeth, and how long the filling needs to last. Each material has different strengths and limitations.

Composite Resin Fillings

These fillings are made from a mix of plastic and glass particles. They can be closely matched to your natural tooth colour, so they blend in well with the teeth you see when you smile. Dentists often use them for front teeth or any areas where appearance matters. Composite fillings bond directly to the tooth, which helps preserve more of the natural structure compared with some other materials. They are strong enough for many cavities but may wear faster than metal fillings in very heavy chewing areas.

Amalgam Fillings

Amalgam fillings are metal fillings made from a mix of metals, including silver, tin, copper, and a small amount of mercury. They are usually silver in colour and very strong. Because of their durability, amalgam fillings are often used in the back teeth where chewing forces are highest. They can last a long time and are a cost-effective choice. Their metallic appearance makes them less common in visible areas.

Ceramic Fillings (Porcelain)

Ceramic or porcelain fillings are made in a dental laboratory or by using special equipment in the dental office. They match natural tooth colour and resist staining better than composite resin. Ceramic fillings are strong and can last many years.

Glass Ionomer Fillings

Glass ionomer fillings are made from a mix of acrylic and special glass material. They release small amounts of fluoride, which may help protect teeth from further decay. These fillings are often used near the gum line, in baby teeth, or in places that do not take heavy chewing pressure. They are usually less durable than composite or amalgam and may wear faster over time.

What Happens During a Dental Filling?

Knowing what to expect during a dental filling can help ease anxiety, as there are fewer surprises. For most people, a filling is a routine procedure and usually takes about the same time as a regular dental visit, with attention focused on one affected tooth. While small details may vary depending on the type of filling and the depth of the cavity, dentists generally follow a similar step-by-step process.

Clinical examination and X-rays

The dentist first examines your teeth and listens to any discomfort you may be experiencing. In many cases, X-rays are taken to check how deep the decay is and to identify cavities between teeth that cannot be seen directly.

Discussing the treatment plan and material

Your dentist explains the available filling options, such as composite (tooth-coloured), amalgam, or ceramic. You will discuss factors like durability, cost, and how visible the filling may be when you smile. The final choice is based on the location of the tooth, the size of the cavity, and your personal preference.

Numbing the area

A numbing gel is applied to the gums, followed by a local anaesthetic injection. This numbs the tooth and the surrounding area. After a few minutes, you may feel pressure during the procedure, but you should not feel pain.

Keeping the tooth dry

To ensure the filling bonds properly, the dentist keeps the area dry using cotton rolls, suction, or a thin rubber sheet called a rubber dam. This prevents saliva from interfering with the treatment.

Removing the decay

The decayed part of the tooth is removed using a dental drill or, in some cases, a laser. You may notice vibrations or sounds, but the numbing medication prevents discomfort.

Cleaning and preparing the cavity

Once the decay is removed, the area is cleaned to remove bacteria and debris. If the cavity is deep, a protective lining may be placed to protect the tooth nerve and reduce sensitivity later.

Bonding for tooth-coloured fillings

For composite fillings, the tooth surface is gently prepared with a special gel, followed by a bonding agent. This helps the filling material attach securely to the tooth and creates a strong seal.

Placing the filling

The filling material is placed into the cavity. Composite fillings are applied in thin layers and hardened with a blue curing light. Amalgam fillings are packed and shaped in one step, while ceramic or gold fillings are cemented into place after being prepared separately.

Adjusting the bite

The dentist shapes the filling so it matches the natural form of your tooth. You may be asked to bite on coloured paper to check for high spots. Adjustments are made until your bite feels comfortable and natural.

Polishing the filling

Finally, the filling is polished to make it smooth and comfortable. This step also helps prevent plaque buildup and allows tooth-coloured fillings to blend naturally with your tooth.

Most people can return to their normal routine soon after the appointment, with minimal discomfort and a restored, protected tooth.

Risks and Complications

Most dental fillings are safe, routine treatments that last many years when done early and cared for properly. However, like any dental procedure, fillings can have some risks. Knowing these helps you recognise problems early and seek timely care before they become serious.

Tooth sensitivity

Mild sensitivity to hot, cold, air, or pressure is common after a filling. It usually settles within a few days or weeks. Desensitising toothpaste can help. If sensitivity worsens or does not improve, the filling or bite may need adjustment.

High bite and pain while chewing

If a filling is slightly too high, the tooth may hurt when chewing or feel like it touches first. This is easily corrected by the dentist with a quick adjustment.

Cracked or loose filling

Over time, fillings may crack or loosen due to heavy chewing, teeth grinding, or biting hard foods. This can allow food and bacteria to enter, increasing the risk of decay or discomfort.

Decay around the filling

New decay can develop at the edges of a filling, especially if oral hygiene is poor or the filling is old. Regular check-ups help detect this early, allowing for simple replacement.

Allergic reactions

Rarely, some people may react to certain filling materials, especially metals. If this happens, the filling can be replaced with a non-metallic option like composite or ceramic.

Tooth fracture or need for root canal

Large or deep fillings can weaken a tooth or irritate the nerve. In some cases, further treatment such as a crown or root canal may be needed. An experienced dentist will usually identify this risk in advance and advise the best option.

Is Amalgam Safe for Dental Fillings?

Amalgam fillings contain mercury combined with other metals in a stable form, which has raised safety questions over the years. Large health bodies and dental associations state that amalgam is considered safe for most people, and it has been used for decades with good long-term results.​

Some countries now encourage reduced use of amalgam, especially in children, pregnant women, and people with certain health conditions, more as a precaution and for environmental reasons than because of proven harm in normal dental use. If you are worried, you can discuss composite or ceramic alternatives with your dentist and choose the option that feels right for you

Wrapping Up

Cavities are common, but ignoring them is costly. Dental fillings repair damage, restore comfort, and protect your teeth from future problems. When done on time, they prevent the need for crowns, root canals, or extractions.

Understanding the types of fillings, the procedure, and possible risks helps you make calm, informed decisions. Regular dental visits and good oral hygiene make fillings last longer and keep your teeth healthy.

For NRIs planning their dental treatment, India often makes practical sense. Dental procedures, including fillings, usually cost much less in India than in many other countries, without compromising on clinical standards. When treatment is planned alongside the right health insurance, it becomes easier to manage care during visits home. Niva Bupa NRI Health Insurance offers coverage designed to support such needs, helping you focus on treatment rather than unexpected medical expenses.

FAQs

1. Can dental fillings change colour over time?

   Yes. Tooth coloured fillings can darken slowly, especially with regular tea, coffee, or smoking. Professional cleaning helps, but replacement may be needed if staining becomes noticeable.

2. Can a dental filling be done during pregnancy?

   Yes, but timing matters. Dentists usually prefer the second trimester. Emergency fillings can be done safely if needed.

3. Do fillings need special care while brushing?

   No special products are required. Regular brushing, flossing, and routine dental checkups are enough to keep fillings in good condition.

4. Can a filling protect a cracked tooth completely?

   A filling helps with small cracks. Larger cracks may need a crown. Your dentist decides based on the extent of damage.

5. Is it normal to feel pressure instead of pain during the procedure?

   Yes. Pressure is common during drilling or placement. Sharp pain is not expected and should be reported immediately.

6. Can cavities return under an old filling?

   Yes. Decay can develop around or under a filling if oral hygiene slips or the filling wears out over time.